Exim4
Exim4 je emailový server, který se v Debianu používá jako standardní. Je to ohromný balík, manuál má několik set stran, proto na této stránce je základní přehled příkazů, které se běžně používají při jeho údržbě:
Rozeslání emailů, které jsou ve frontě jako "frozen" (tento příkaz může trvat celé hodiny, proto jej pustíme na pozadí):
nohup exim4 -qff &
Stránka níže pochází z http://bradthemad.org/
a je potřeba ji přeložit a průběžně doplňovat o užitečné příkazy.
Zde je několik užitečných informací, které potřebujete vědět, aby jste dokázali ovládat Exim 4 server. Předpokládá se dřívější znalost SMTP, MTAs, a UNIX příkazové řádky.
Message-IDs and spool files The message-IDs that Exim uses to refer to messages in its queue are mixed-case alpha-numeric, and take the form of: XXXXXX-YYYYYY-ZZ. Most commands related to managing the queue and logging use these message-ids.
There are three -- count 'em, THREE -- files for each message in the spool directory. If you're dealing with these files by hand, instead of using the appropriate exim commands as detailed below, make sure you get them all, and don't leave Exim with remnants of messages in the queue. I used to mess directly with these files when I first started running Exim machines, but thanks to the utilities described below, I haven't needed to do that in many months.
Soubory v /var/spool/exim/msglog obsahují logging informace pro každou zprávu a jsou pojmenované stejně jako message-id.
Soubory v /var/spool/exim/input jsou pojmenované po the message-id s příponou označující zda-li je to envelope hlavička (-H) nebo data zprávy (-D).
Tyto adresáře mohou obsahovat další hashed podadresáře k deal (nevím přesný význam) s většimi mailovými frontami, tak neočekávejte, že všechno objeví jenom přímo v /var/spool/exim/input nebo /var/spool/exim/msglog adresářích; každé hledání nebo greps bude muset být rekurzivní. See if there is a proper way to do what you're doing before working directly on the spool files.
Basic information
Print a count of the messages in the queue:
root@localhost# exim -bpc
Print a listing of the messages in the queue (time queued, size, message-id, sender, recipient):
root@localhost# exim -bp
Print a summary of messages in the queue (count, volume, oldest, newest, domain, and totals):
root@localhost# exim -bp | exiqsumm
Print what Exim is doing right now:
root@localhost# exiwhat
Test how exim will route a given address:
root@localhost# exim -bt alias@localdomain.com user@thishost.com
<-- alias@localdomain.com router = localuser, transport = local_delivery
root@localhost# exim -bt user@thishost.com user@thishost.com
router = localuser, transport = local_delivery
root@localhost# exim -bt user@remotehost.com
router = lookuphost, transport = remote_smtp host mail.remotehost.com [1.2.3.4] MX=0
Run a pretend SMTP transaction from the command line, as if it were coming from the given IP address. This will display Exim's checks, ACLs, and filters as they are applied. The message will NOT actually be delivered.
root@localhost# exim -bh 192.168.11.22
Display all of Exim's configuration settings:
root@localhost# exim -bP
Searching the queue with exiqgrep Exim includes a utility that is quite nice for grepping through the queue, called exiqgrep. Learn it. Know it. Live it. If you're not using this, and if you're not familiar with the various flags it uses, you're probably doing things the hard way, like piping `exim -bp` into awk, grep, cut, or `wc -l`. Don't make life harder than it already is.
First, various flags that control what messages are matched. These can be combined to come up with a very particular search.
Use -f to search the queue for messages from a specific sender:
root@localhost# exiqgrep -f [luser]@domain
Use -r to search the queue for messages for a specific recipient/domain:
root@localhost# exiqgrep -r [luser]@domain
Use -o to print messages older than the specified number of seconds. For example, messages older than 1 day:
root@localhost# exiqgrep -o 86400 [...]
Use -y to print messages that are younger than the specified number of seconds. For example, messages less than an hour old:
root@localhost# exiqgrep -y 3600 [...]
Use -s to match the size of a message with a regex. For example, 700-799 bytes:
root@localhost# exiqgrep -s '^7..$' [...]
Use -z to match only frozen messages, or -x to match only unfrozen messages.
There are also a few flags that control the display of the output.
Use -i to print just the message-id as a result of one of the above two searches:
root@localhost# exiqgrep -i [ -r | -f ] ...
Use -c to print a count of messages matching one of the above searches:
root@localhost# exiqgrep -c ...
Print just the message-id of the entire queue:
root@localhost# exiqgrep -i
Managing the queue The main exim binary (/usr/sbin/exim) is used with various flags to make things happen to messages in the queue. Most of these require one or more message-IDs to be specified in the command line, which is where `exiqgrep -i` as described above really comes in handy.
Start a queue run:
root@localhost# exim -q -v
Start a queue run for just local deliveries:
root@localhost# exim -ql -v
Remove a message from the queue:
root@localhost# exim -Mrm <message-id> [ <message-id> ... ]
Freeze a message:
root@localhost# exim -Mf <message-id> [ <message-id> ... ]
Thaw a message:
root@localhost# exim -Mt <message-id> [ <message-id> ... ]
Deliver a message:
root@localhost# exim -M <message-id> [ <message-id> ... ]
Force a message to fail and bounce as "cancelled by administrator":
root@localhost# exim -Mg <message-id> [ <message-id> ... ]
Remove all frozen messages:
root@localhost# exiqgrep -z -i | xargs exim -Mrm
Remove all messages older than five days (86400 * 5 = 432000 seconds):
root@localhost# exiqgrep -o 432000 -i | xargs exim -Mrm
Freeze all queued mail from a given sender:
root@localhost# exiqgrep -i -f luser@example.tld | xargs exim -Mf
View a message's headers:
root@localhost# exim -Mvh <message-id>
View a message's body:
root@localhost# exim -Mvb <message-id>
View a message's logs:
root@localhost# exim -Mvl <message-id>
Add a recipient to a message:
root@localhost# exim -Mar <message-id> <address> [ <address> ... ]
Edit the sender of a message:
root@localhost# exim -Mes <message-id> <address>
Access control Exim allows you to apply access control lists at various points of the SMTP transaction by specifying an ACL to use and defining its conditions in exim.conf. You could start with the HELO string.
- Specify the ACL to use after HELO
acl_smtp_helo = check_helo
- Conditions for the check_helo ACL:
check_helo:
deny message = Gave HELO/EHLO as "friend"
log_message = HELO/EHLO friend
condition = ${if eq {$sender_helo_name}{friend} {yes}{no}}
deny message = Gave HELO/EHLO as our IP address
log_message = HELO/EHLO our IP address
condition = ${if eq {$sender_helo_name}{$interface_address} {yes}{no}}
accept
NOTE: Pursue HELO checking at your own peril. The HELO is fairly unimportant in the grand scheme of SMTP these days, so don't put too much faith in whatever it contains. Some spam might seem to use a telltale HELO string, but you might be surprised at how many legitimate messages start off with a questionable HELO as well. Anyway, it's just as easy for a spammer to send a proper HELO than it is to send HELO im.a.spammer, so consider yourself lucky if you're able to stop much spam this way.
Next, you can perform a check on the sender address or remote host. This shows how to do that after the RCPT TO command; if you reject here, as opposed to rejecting after the MAIL FROM, you'll have better data to log, such as who the message was intended for.
- Specify the ACL to use after RCPT TO
acl_smtp_rcpt = check_recipient
- Conditions for the check_recipient ACL
check_recipient:
# [...]
drop hosts = /etc/exim_reject_hosts drop senders = /etc/exim_reject_senders
# [ Probably a whole lot more... ]
This example uses two plain text files as blacklists. Add appropriate entries to these files - hostnames/IP addresses to /etc/exim_reject_hosts, addresses to /etc/exim_reject_senders, one entry per line.
It is also possible to perform content scanning using a regex against the body of a message, though obviously this can cause Exim to use more CPU than it otherwise would need to, especially on large messages.
- Specify the ACL to use after DATA
acl_smtp_data = check_message
- Conditions for the check_messages ACL
check_message:
deny message = "Sorry, Charlie: $regex_match_string" regex = ^Subject:: .*Lower your self-esteem by becoming a sysadmin
accept
Fix SMTP-Auth for Pine If pine can't use SMTP authentication on an Exim host and just returns an "unable to authenticate" message without even asking for a password, add the following line to exim.conf:
begin authenticators
fixed_plain:
driver = plaintext
public_name = PLAIN
server_condition = "${perl{checkuserpass}{$1}{$2}{$3}}"
server_set_id = $2
> server_prompts = :
This was a problem on CPanel Exim builds awhile ago, but they seem to have added this line to their current stock configuration.
Log the subject line This is one of the most useful configuration tweaks I've ever found for Exim. Add this to exim.conf, and you can log the subject lines of messages that pass through your server. This is great for troubleshooting, and for getting a very rough idea of what messages may be spam.
log_selector = +subject
Reducing or increasing what is logged.
Disable identd lookups Frankly, I don't think identd has been useful for a long time, if ever. Identd relies on the connecting host to confirm the identity (system UID) of the remote user who owns the process that is making the network connection. This may be of some use in the world of shell accounts and IRC users, but it really has no place on a high-volume SMTP server, where the UID is often simply "mail" or whatever the remote MTA runs as, which is useless to know. It's overhead, and results in nothing but delays while the identd query is refused or times out. You can stop your Exim server from making these queries by setting the timeout to zero seconds in exim.conf:
rfc1413_query_timeout = 0s
Disable Attachment Blocking To disable the executable-attachment blocking that many Cpanel servers do by default but don't provide any controls for on a per-domain basis, add the following block to the beginning of the /etc/antivirus.exim file:
if $header_to: matches "example\.com|example2\.com" then
finish
endif
It is probably possible to use a separate file to list these domains, but I haven't had to do this enough times to warrant setting such a thing up.
Searching the logs with exigrep The exigrep utility (not to be confused with exiqgrep) is used to search an exim log for a string or pattern. It will print all log entries with the same internal message-id as those that matched the pattern, which is very handy since any message will take up at least three lines in the log. exigrep will search the entire content of a log entry, not just particular fields.
One can search for messages sent from a particular IP address:
root@localhost# exigrep '<= .* \[12.34.56.78\] ' /path/to/exim_log
Search for messages sent to a particular IP address:
root@localhost# exigrep '=> .* \[12.34.56.78\]' /path/to/exim_log
This example searches for outgoing messages, which have the "=>" symbol, sent to "user@domain.tld". The pipe to grep for the "<=" symbol will match only the lines with information on the sender - the From address, the sender's IP address, the message size, the message ID, and the subject line if you have enabled logging the subject. The purpose of doing such a search is that the desired information is not on the same log line as the string being searched for.
root@localhost# exigrep '=> .*user@domain.tld' /path/to/exim_log | fgrep '<='
Generate and display Exim stats from a logfile:
root@localhost# eximstats /path/to/exim_mainlog Same as above, with less verbose output:
root@localhost# eximstats -ne -nr -nt /path/to/exim_mainlog Same as above, for one particular day:
root@localhost# fgrep YYYY-MM-DD /path/to/exim_mainlog | eximstats Bonus! To delete all queued messages containing a certain string in the body:
root@localhost# grep -lr 'a certain string' /var/spool/exim/input/ | \
sed -e 's/^.*\/\([a-zA-Z0-9-]*\)-[DH]$/\1/g' | xargs exim -Mrm
Note that the above only delves into /var/spool/exim in order to grep for queue files with the given string, and that's just because exiqgrep doesn't have a feature to grep the actual bodies of messages. If you are deleting these files directly, YOU ARE DOING IT WRONG! Use the appropriate exim command to properly deal with the queue.
If you have to feed many, many message-ids (such as the output of an `exiqgrep -i` command that returns a lot of matches) to an exim command, you may exhaust the limit of your shell's command line arguments. In that case, pipe the listing of message-ids into xargs to run only a limited number of them at once. For example, to remove thousands of messages sent from joe@example.com:
root@localhost# exiqgrep -i -f '<joe@example.com>' | xargs exim -Mrm
Speaking of "DOING IT WRONG" -- Attention, CPanel forum readers I get a number of hits to this page from a link in this post at the CPanel forums. The question is:
Due to spamming, spoofing from fields, etc., etc., etc., I am finding it necessary to spend more time to clear the exim queue from time to time. [...] what command would I use to delete the queue The answer is: Just turn exim off, because your customers are better off knowing that email simply isn't running on your server, than having their queued messages deleted without notice.
Or, figure out what is happening. The examples given in that post pay no regard to the legitimacy of any message, they simply delete everything, making the presumption that if a message is in the queue, it's junk. That is total fallacy. There are a number of reasons legitimate mail can end up in the queue. Maybe your backups or CPanel's "upcp" process are running, and your load average is high -- exim goes into a queue-only mode at a certain threshold, where it stops trying to deliver messages as they come in and just queues them until the load goes back down. Or, maybe it's an outgoing message, and the DNS lookup failed, or the connection to the domain's MX failed, or maybe the remote MX is busy or greylisting you with a 4xx deferral. These are all temporary failures, not permanent ones, and the whole point of having temporary failures in SMTP and a mail queue in your MTA is to be able to try again after awhile.
Exim already purges messages from the queue after the period of time specified in exim.conf. If you have this value set appropriately, there is absolutely no point in removing everything from your queue every day with a cron job. You will lose legitimate mail, and the sender and recipient will never know if or why it happened. Do not do this!
If you regularly have a large number of messages in your queue, find out why they are there. If they are outbound messages, see who is sending them, where they're addressed to, and why they aren't getting there. If they are inbound messages, find out why they aren't getting delivered to your user's account. If you need to delete some, use exiqgrep to pick out just the ones that should be deleted.
Reload the configuration After making changes to exim.conf, you need to give the main exim pid a SIGHUP to re-exec it and have the configuration re-read. Sure, you could stop and start the service, but that's overkill and causes a few seconds of unnecessary downtime. Just do this:
root@localhost# kill -HUP `cat /var/spool/exim/exim-daemon.pid`
You should then see something resembling the following in exim_mainlog:
pid 1079: SIGHUP received: re-exec daemon exim 4.52 daemon started: pid=1079, -q1h, listening for SMTP on port 25 (IPv4)
Read The Fucking Manual The Exim Home Page
Documentation For Exim
The Exim Specification - Version 4.5x
Exim command line arguments
More notes
